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Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE-2025)

REVA University’s entrance exam for UG program admissions in engineering and technology.

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Info Highlights Application Process Eligibility Criteria Admit Card Exam Pattern Syllabus Results

The General Aptitude section in GATE is a mandatory part across all papers and comprises two main components:

General Aptitude

Section	Topics
Verbal Aptitude	- Basic English grammar: tenses, articles, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, verb-noun agreement, and other parts of speech
	- Basic vocabulary: words, idioms, and phrases in context
	- Reading and comprehension
	- Narrative sequencing
Quantitative Aptitude	- Data interpretation: data graphs (bar graphs, pie charts, and other graphs representing data), 2D and 3D plots, maps, and tables
	- Numerical computation and estimation: ratios, percentages, powers, exponents, logarithms, permutations, combinations, and series
	- Mensuration and geometry
	- Elementary statistics and probability
Analytical Aptitude	- Logic: deduction and induction
	- Analogy
	- Numerical relations and reasoning
Spatial Aptitude	- Transformation of shapes: translation, rotation, scaling, mirroring, assembling, and grouping
Spatial Aptitude	- Paper folding, cutting, and patterns in 2D and 3D

Aerospace engineering

Section	Core Topics	Special Topics
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra, Calculus, Differential Equations	Fourier Series, Laplace Transforms, Numerical Methods, Complex Analysis, Probability and Statistics
Section 2: Flight Mechanics	Atmosphere, Airplane Performance, Static Stability	Dynamic Stability, Euler Angles, Equations of Motion, Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Dynamics
Section 3: Space Dynamics	Central Force Motion, Trajectory, Orbital Period, Kepler’s Laws, Escape Velocity	None
Section 4: Aerodynamics	Basic Fluid Mechanics, Potential Flow Theory, Airfoils and Wings, Compressible Flows	Wind Tunnel Testing, Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction
Section 5: Structures	Strength of Materials, Flight Vehicle Structures, Structural Dynamics	Vibration of Beams, Theory of Elasticity
Section 6: Propulsion	Basics of Thermodynamics, Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engines, Engine Performance, Turbomachinery, Centrifugal Compressor, Axial Turbines, Rockets	Aerothermodynamics of Non-Rotating Components, Turbine Blade Cooling, Compressor-Turbine Matching, Surge and Stall

Agriculture engineering

Section	Topics
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra, Calculus, Vector Calculus, Differential Equations, Probability and Statistics, Numerical Methods
Section 2: Farm Machinery	Machine Design, Farm Machinery, Performance Parameters, Cost Analysis of Implements and Tractors
Section 3: Farm Power	Sources of Power, Farm Power (IC Engines), Tractors and Power Tillers
Section 4: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering	Fluid Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Hydrology, Surveying and Levelling, Soil and Water Erosion, Watershed Management
Section 5: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering	Soil-Water-Plant Relationship, Irrigation Water Conveyance and Application Methods, Agricultural Drainage, Groundwater Hydrology, Wells and Pumps
Section 6: Agricultural Process Engineering	Engineering Properties of Agriculture Produce, Evaporation and Drying, Size Reduction and Material Handling, Processing of Agriculture Produce, Storage Systems
Section 7: Dairy and Food Engineering	Heat and Mass Transfer, Preservation of Food

Architecture and planning

Part	Section	Topics
Part A: Common	Section 1: Architecture, Planning, and Design	Architectural Graphics, Visual Composition, Computer Applications, Anthropometrics, Space Standards, Universal Design, Building Bye Laws, Codes and Standards
	Section 2: Construction and Management	Project Management (PERT, CPM), Estimation, Professional Practice, Disaster-Resistant Structures, Temporary Structures
	Section 3: Environmental Planning and Design	Ecosystems, Environmental Pollution, Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Climate Responsive Design
	Section 4: Urban Design, Landscape, and Conservation	Urban Design Theories, Public Spaces, Urban Renewal, Heritage Conservation, Landscape Design, Site Planning
	Section 5: Planning Process	Urban Planning Concepts, Smart City, Social and Economic Analysis, Development Guidelines (URDPFI)
	Section 6: Housing	Housing Typologies, Neighbourhood Concepts, Affordable Housing, Real Estate Valuation
	Section 7: Services and Infrastructure	Firefighting, Safety Systems, Water Supply, Stormwater Drainage, Waste Management, Road Design, Pedestrian Planning
Part B1: Architecture	Section B1.1: History and Contemporary Architecture	Art and Architecture Principles, World History (Egyptian to Post-Modern), Indian Vernacular Architecture, Works of Renowned Architects
	Section B1.2: Building Construction and Structural Systems	Building Techniques, Prefabrication, Strength of Materials, Alternative Building Materials, Structural Systems, High Rise and Long Span Structures
	Section B1.3: Building Services and Sustainability	Solar Architecture, Comfort in Built Environments, Air-Conditioning, Sustainable Strategies, Water Supply, Plumbing, Elevators, and Escalators
Part B2: Planning	Section B2.1: Regional and Settlement Planning	Regional Delineation, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), Housing Policies, Slums, Squatters, Housing Standards
	Section B2.2: Planning Techniques and Management	GIS and Remote Sensing, Surveys, Urban Economics, Planning Legislation, Land Information System, Demography
	Section B2.3: Infrastructure Planning	Transportation Planning, Road Capacity, Traffic Flow Analysis, Mass Transportation, Intelligent Transportation Systems

Biomedical engineering

Topic	Subtopics
Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra	Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues, and Eigenvectors.
Calculus	Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series, Vector identities, Line, surface, and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss, and Green's theorems.
Differential Equations	First order linear and nonlinear differential equations, Higher-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of separation of variables, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Solution of partial differential equations.
Complex Variable Analysis	Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and formula, Taylor's and Laurent's series, Residue theorem.
Probability and Statistics	Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode, Standard deviation, Random variables, Distributions (normal, Poisson, binomial), Tests of significance, Linear regression and correlation analysis.
Numerical Methods	Matrix inversion, Numerical solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, Iterative methods for solving differential equations, Numerical integration.
Electrical Circuits	Voltage and current sources, v-i relationships (resistor, inductor, capacitor), Transient analysis of RLC circuits, Kirchoff's laws, Thevenin, Norton, Superposition, Peak, Average and RMS values of AC, Phasor analysis, Resonance, Filters, Bode plot.
Signals and Systems	Continuous and discrete signals, Sampling theorem, Laplace and Fourier transforms, Impulse response, Transfer function, Convolution, DFT, Z-transform, FIR and IIR filters.
Analog and Digital Electronics	Diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, Operational amplifiers, Number systems, Boolean algebra, Combinational logic circuits, Sequential circuits, ADC, DAC, Microprocessor architecture.
Measurements and Control Systems	SI units, Errors in measurement, Accuracy and precision, PMMC, MI instruments, DC potentiometer, Bridges for R, L, C measurement, Control systems, Transfer function.
Sensors and Instrumentation	Resistive, capacitive, inductive sensors, ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG measurements, Sphygmomanometer, Ventilator, Pacemaker, Defibrillator, Pulse oximeter, Isolation, Safety of biomedical instruments.
Human Anatomy and Physiology	Basics of cell, Types of tissues, Organ systems, Homeostasis, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory, Endocrine, Nervous, Gastrointestinal, Reproductive systems.
Medical Imaging Systems	Physics, Instrumentation and image formation for X-Ray, CT, SPECT, PET, MRI, Ultrasound.
Biomechanics	Kinematics of muscles and joints, Stress and strain, Biomechanical analysis, Gait analysis, Properties of bones, Viscoelastic properties of tissues, Biofluid mechanics.
Biomaterials	Metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite biomaterials, Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Biodegradability, Drug delivery, Tissue engineering, Biomaterial characterization (Rheology, Microscopy, Spectroscopy).

Biotechnology

Section	Topics
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants; Systems of linear equations; Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Calculus: Limits, continuity, differentiability; Partial derivatives, maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence. Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first-order ODEs, higher-order ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms. Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal, and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis. Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations; Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single-step method for differential equations.
Section 2: General Biology	Biochemistry: Biomolecules; Membranes; Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids; Photosynthesis, respiration, and electron transport chain. Microbiology: Bacterial classification; Microbial ecology; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interactions. Immunology: Innate and adaptive immunity; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody persity; Antigen-antibody reaction; Regulation of immune response.
Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology	Genetics and Evolutionary Biology: Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Linkage, recombination, chromosome mapping; Genetic disorders; Population genetics; Selection and inheritance. Cell Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle; Cell communication and signaling; Post-translational modifications. Molecular Biology: Molecular structure of genes; Regulation of gene expression; DNA replication, transcription, and repair; RNA interference.
Section 4: Fundamentals of Biological Engineering	Engineering Principles: Material and energy balances for reactive and non-reactive systems; Stoichiometry of growth and product formation; Theoretical oxygen demand. Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics; Phase equilibria; Membrane potential; Energetics of metabolic pathways. Transport Processes: Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids; Molecular diffusion; Oxygen transfer in bioreactor.
Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology	Bioreaction Engineering: Rate law, kinetics; Ideal reactors; Enzyme immobilisation; Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilisation; Batch, fed-batch, continuous processes. Upstream and Downstream Processing: Media formulation; Filtration; Centrifugation; Chromatography; Extraction, adsorption, drying. Instrumentation and Process Control: Measurement devices; Valves; Controllers – proportional, derivative, integral control.
Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology	Plants: Totipotency; Plant tissue culture; Transgenic plants; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast fusion; Production of secondary metabolites. Animals: Culture media; Hybridoma technology; Transgenic and knock-out animals; Stem cell technology. Microbes: Production of primary and secondary metabolites; Large-scale production of recombinant proteins.
Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology	Recombinant DNA Technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors; Gene isolation and cloning; Gene transfer technologies; CRISPR-Cas. Molecular Tools: PCR; DNA/RNA labelling; Blotting techniques; DNA fingerprinting. Analytical Tools: Microscopy (light, electron, fluorescent); Spectroscopy (UV, IR, NMR, MS); Flow cytometry; Enzymatic assays. Computational Tools: Bioinformatics resources; Sequence analysis; Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics; Gene prediction; Systems biology.
Section 8: Civil Engineering	Engineering Mathematics: Linear Algebra, Calculus, ODE, PDE, Probability and Statistics, Numerical Methods. Structural Engineering: Engineering mechanics, Solid mechanics, Structural analysis, Concrete and Steel structures. Geotechnical Engineering: Soil mechanics, Foundation engineering. Water Resources Engineering: Fluid mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology, Irrigation. Environmental Engineering: Water treatment, Air pollution, Solid waste management. Transportation Engineering: Highway and railway design, Pavements, Traffic engineering. Geomatics Engineering: Surveying principles, Photogrammetry, Remote sensing.

Chemical engineering

Section	Topics
1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity, differentiability, Taylor series, Mean value theorems, Definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Stokes, Gauss, Green’s theorems. Differential Equations: First order equations, Higher-order linear differential equations, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Laplace transforms, Heat, wave, and Laplace equations. Complex Variables: Complex number, Polar form, Triangle inequality. Probability & Statistics: Definitions of probability, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, Poisson, Normal, Binomial distributions, Linear regression. Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations, Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, Numerical solutions for differential equations.
2: Process Calculations & Thermodynamics	Steady and unsteady mass/energy balances, Gibbs phase rule, recycle, bypass, purge calculations, First and Second laws of thermodynamics, Thermodynamic properties of substances, VLE, Chemical reaction equilibrium.
3: Fluid Mechanics & Mechanical Operations	Fluid statics, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli’s equation, Friction factors, Dimensional analysis, Flow through pipelines, Pumps, Compressors, Boundary layer theory, Settling, Centrifuge, Cyclones, Filtration, Mixing, Conveying solids.
4: Heat Transfer	Energy equation, Heat conduction, Convection, Radiation, Heat exchangers, Double pipe, Shell and tube exchangers, Evaporation processes.
5: Mass Transfer	Fick’s laws, Diffusion in fluids, Mass transfer coefficients, Analogies in momentum, heat, mass transfer, Distillation, Absorption, Leaching, Liquid-liquid extraction, Membrane separations (Micro, Ultra, Nano-filtration, Reverse osmosis).
6: Chemical Reaction Engineering	Reaction rate theories, Kinetics of homogeneous reactions, Ideal reactors, Non-ideal reactors, Catalysis, Catalyst deactivation, Enzyme reaction kinetics (Michaelis-Menten, Monod models).
7: Instrumentation & Process Control	Measurement of process variables, Sensors, P&ID symbols, Transfer functions, Controller modes (P, PI, PID), Control valves, Closed loop system analysis, Controller tuning, Cascade and feed-forward control.
8: Plant Design & Economics	Process economics, Cost estimation, Depreciation, Cost indices, Rate of return, Payback period, Optimization in process design, Chemical equipment sizing (heat exchangers, contactors).
9: Chemical Technology	Inorganic chemical industries (Sulfuric acid, Phosphoric acid, Chlor-alkali), Fertilizers (Ammonia, Urea, SSP, TSP), Natural products (Pulp, Paper, Sugar, Oil, Fats), Petroleum refining, Petrochemicals, Polymerization (Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PVC, Polyester).

Computer science and information technology

Section	Topics
1: Engineering Mathematics	Discrete Mathematics: Propositional and first-order logic, Sets, relations, functions, partial orders, lattices, Monoids, Groups, Graphs (connectivity, matching, colouring), Combinatorics (counting, recurrence relations, generating functions). Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU decomposition. Calculus: Limits, continuity, differentiability, Maxima and minima, Mean value theorem, Integration. Probability & Statistics: Random variables, Distributions (Uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, binomial), Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, Conditional probability, Bayes theorem.
2: Digital Logic	Boolean algebra, Combinational and sequential circuits, Minimization, Number representations, Computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).
3: Computer Organization & Architecture	Machine instructions, Addressing modes, ALU, Data-path, Control unit, Instruction pipelining, Pipeline hazards, Memory hierarchy (cache, main memory, secondary storage), I/O interface (interrupt, DMA mode).
4: Programming & Data Structures	Programming in C, Recursion, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps, Graphs.
5: Algorithms	Searching, Sorting, Hashing, Asymptotic worst-case time and space complexity, Algorithm design techniques (greedy, dynamic programming, pide-and-conquer), Graph traversals, Minimum spanning trees, Shortest paths.
6: Theory of Computation	Regular expressions, Finite automata, Context-free grammars, Push-down automata, Regular and context-free languages, Pumping lemma, Turing machines, Undecidability.
7: Compiler Design	Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax-directed translation, Runtime environments, Intermediate code generation, Local optimization, Data flow analyses (constant propagation, liveness analysis, common sub-expression elimination).
8: Operating System	System calls, Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU and I/O scheduling, Memory management, Virtual memory, File systems.
9: Databases	ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL), Integrity constraints, Normal forms, File organization, Indexing (B, B+ trees), Transactions, Concurrency control.
10: Computer Networks	OSI & TCP/IP protocol stacks, Packet, Circuit, Virtual circuit switching, Data link layer (framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging), Routing protocols (shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state), IP addressing, IPv4, CIDR, IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), NAT, Transport layer (flow control, congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets), Application layer protocols (DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email).

Chemistry

Section	Topics
1: Physical Chemistry	Structure: Quantum mechanics, Schrödinger equation, Particle in a box, Harmonic oscillator, Hydrogen atom, Approximation methods, LCAO-MO theory, Huckel approximation. Group Theory & Spectroscopy: Symmetry, Point groups, Atomic & molecular spectroscopy, NMR, Raman spectroscopy. Equilibrium & Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, Phase rule, Chemical equilibrium, Electrochemical cells. Kinetics & Surfaces: Reaction mechanisms, Transition state theory, Photochemistry, Adsorption isotherms, Colloids, Micelles.
2: Inorganic Chemistry	Main Group Elements: Hydrides, Oxides, Boranes, Silicates, Noble gases, Acid-base theories. Transition Metals & Coordination Chemistry: VBT, CFT, Jahn-Teller effect, Electronic spectra, Metal-metal bonding. Organometallics & Bioinorganic Chemistry: 18-electron rule, Catalysis, Oxygen binding, Metalloenzymes. Solids & Instrumental Methods: Crystal structures, Band theory, UV-visible, FTIR, NMR, X-ray crystallography.
3: Organic Chemistry	Stereochemistry: Chirality, Conformational analysis, Stereoselectivity. Reaction Mechanisms: Substitutions, Additions, Elimination, Reactive intermediates. Organic Synthesis: Coupling reactions (Heck, Suzuki, Stille), Green chemistry, Asymmetric synthesis. Heterocycles & Biomolecules: Pyrrole, Indole, Carbohydrates, Peptides. Experimental Techniques: Chromatography, NMR, Mass spectrometry.

Data science and artificial intelligence

Topic	Key Concepts
Probability & Statistics	Permutations, combinations, sample space, independent events, Bayes Theorem, mean, median, variance, standard deviation, random variables, Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson, normal distributions, Central Limit Theorem, z-test, t-test, chi-squared test.
Linear Algebra	Vector space, linear dependence/independence, matrices, eigenvalues/eigenvectors, Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, singular value decomposition.
Calculus & Optimization	Limits, continuity, differentiability, Taylor series, maxima/minima, single variable optimization.
Programming, Data Structures	Python, stacks, queues, linked lists, search algorithms (linear, binary), sorting (selection, bubble, insertion), pide & conquer (mergesort, quicksort), graph theory, traversals, shortest path.
Database Management	ER-model, relational algebra, SQL, normalization, data warehouse schemas, indexing, data transformation, schema models.
Machine Learning	Supervised: Regression, classification, decision trees, SVM, neural networks, cross-validation. Unsupervised: Clustering (k-means, hierarchical), dimensionality reduction, PCA.
AI	Search algorithms (informed, uninformed), logic (propositional, predicate), reasoning under uncertainty, inference techniques.

Electronics and communication engineering

Section	Topics
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, matrix algebra, eigenvalues, rank, linear equations. Calculus: Mean value theorems, integral calculus, partial derivatives, Taylor series, maxima/minima, multiple integrals. Differential Equations: First order, higher order, Cauchy's, boundary value problems. Vector Analysis: Vector operations, Gauss, Green, Stokes theorems. Complex Analysis: Cauchy’s theorems, residue theorem, Taylor/Laurent series. Probability & Statistics: Distributions (binomial, Poisson, normal), joint and conditional probability.
Section 2: Networks, Signals & Systems	Circuit Analysis: Node, mesh analysis, theorems (Thevenin, Norton), steady-state analysis. Continuous-time Signals: Fourier series, Fourier transform, sampling theorem. Discrete-time Signals: Z-transform, DTFT, LTI systems, frequency response, group/phase delay.
Section 3: Electronic Devices	Energy bands, carrier transport, P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOSFET, LEDs, solar cells.
Section 4: Analog Circuits	Diode circuits (clipping, clamping), BJT/MOSFET amplifiers, Op-amp circuits (filters, oscillators).
Section 5: Digital Circuits	Number representations, Boolean algebra, sequential circuits, data converters (ADC, DAC), semiconductor memories, computer organization.
Section 6: Control Systems	Basic components, feedback, block diagrams, Bode/root-locus plots, state variable models, compensation techniques (lag, lead).
Section 7: Communications	Random Processes: Correlation, power spectral density. Analog Communications: Amplitude and angle modulation, receivers. Information Theory: Entropy, mutual information. Digital Communications: PCM, digital modulation schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), error correction codes (Hamming, CRC).
Section 8: Electromagnetics	Maxwell’s equations, plane waves, transmission lines, waveguides, optical fibers, antennas.

Electrical engineering

Section	Topics
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics	Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, linear equations, eigenvalues, eigenvectors. Calculus: Theorems, integrals, partial derivatives, Fourier series, vector identities, Stokes/Gauss/Green’s theorems. Differential Equations: First order, higher order, boundary value problems, separation of variables. Complex Variables: Cauchy’s theorem, Taylor/Laurent series, residue theorem. Probability & Statistics: Sampling, distributions, regression, correlation analysis.
Section 2: Electric Circuits	Network elements, KCL, KVL, network theorems, transient/steady-state analysis, resonance, two-port networks, star-delta transformation, power factor.
Section 3: Electromagnetic Fields	Coulomb’s law, electric/magnetic field, Gauss’s law, Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law, inductance, magnetic circuits.
Section 4: Signals and Systems	Continuous/discrete-time signals, Fourier series/transform, Laplace and Z transform, sampling theorem, RMS value.
Section 5: Electrical Machines	Transformers, DC machines, 3-phase induction machines, synchronous machines, losses, and efficiency of electric machines.
Section 6: Power Systems	Power generation, transmission, load dispatch, fault analysis, protection systems, circuit breakers, system stability.
Section 7: Control Systems	Mathematical modeling, feedback, transfer functions, block diagrams, stability analysis, controllers (P, PI, PID), state space model.
Section 8: Electrical & Electronic Measurements	Bridges, potentiometers, voltage, current, power measurements, digital instruments, oscilloscopes, error analysis.
Section 9: Analog & Digital Electronics	Diode circuits, amplifiers, oscillators, operational amplifiers, active filters, digital logic circuits, A/D & D/A converters.
Section 10: Power Electronics	Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT circuits, DC-DC converters, rectifiers, AC-DC converters, current/voltage inverters, PWM control.

Environmental science and engineering

Section	Topics
Section 1: Mathematics Foundation	Linear Algebra: Determinants, matrices, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues, eigenvectors. Calculus: Functions, limits, continuity, differentiability, Taylor series, integrals, partial/total derivatives. Differential Equations: Linear and non-linear ODEs, Cauchy’s, Euler’s equations, Laplace transform. Probability & Statistics: Descriptive statistics, probability, distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression models.
Section 2: Environmental Chemistry	Fundamentals: Covalent/ionic bonding, chemical equilibria, thermodynamics, kinetics. Water Chemistry: Water quality, acid-base equilibria, redox reactions, contaminants. Soil Chemistry: Organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, cation exchange capacity. Atmospheric Chemistry: Urban smog, ozone formation, stratosphere chemistry.
Section 3: Environmental Microbiology	Microorganisms: Prokaryotic/eukaryotic microorganisms, microbial persity, plant-soil interactions. Cell Chemistry: Structure of biomolecules, stereochemistry, cell structure. Microbial Metabolism: Anabolism, catabolism, enzymes, energy balances. Microbial Growth & Control: Growth factors, control methods, Monod’s model, culture media.
Section 4: Water Resources & Environmental Hydraulics	Water Resources: Global distribution, water quality, threats, conservation. Surface Water Resources: Hydrological cycle, water balance, runoff models, rainwater harvesting. Groundwater Resources: Aquifers, Darcy’s law, well hydraulics. Environmental Hydraulics: Fluid mechanics, pressure measurement, flow through pipes, channel design.
Section 5: Water & Wastewater Treatment and Management	Water and wastewater quality parameters, eutrophica Online Courses BDS MCA B.TECH B.E B.SC M.SC Upcoming Exams Birla Institute of Technology and Science Adm... (BITSAT) Exam Date Dec 01, 2024 Last Date Nov 15, 2024 Joint Entrance Examination Main (JEE MAINS) Exam Date Dec 10, 2024 Last Date Nov 20, 2024 Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE-2025) Exam Date Feb 05, 2025 Last Date Jan 15, 2025 View All Exams Discover Excellence: Latest Updates on India's Leading Colleges, Admissions, and Exam News Top Colleges DTU IIT Delhi (IITD) Top Exams UPSCCSE NVS CDS NIMCET REVA CET Top Courses GC PGC MFM M.Lib.I.Sc CFP Others Privacy Policy About Us Contact Us Built in India © 2024 KollegeApply. All rights reserved.