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Andhra University Common Entrance Test - PG (AUCET PG-2025)

Andhra University’s exam for PG admissions in science, arts, and commerce.

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Andhra University will keep AUCET PG 2025 syllabus unchanged as of last year. Candidates preparing for the exam must learn and understand the syllabus and core topics to get acquainted with the weightage of questions. Candidates have to cover the topics from the subjects, viz., physical, chemical, mathematical, and biological sciences, humanities and social sciences, and Geology. The paper must be chosen as per the preference while filling out the application form. The overall difficulty level of the exam remains moderate, and candidates for the Science portion can refer to the NCERT books for effective preparation.

AUCET PG 2025 Physical Science Syllabus

The unit-wise topics included in the Physical Science paper of AUCET PG examination are as follows:

Units Syllabus
Mechanics & Properties of Matter
  1. Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector fields, the gradient of a scalar field, and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field with derivations and physical interpretation. Vector integration (line, surface, and volume), Statement and proof of Gauss and Stokes theorems.
  2. Mechanics of Particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, Equation of motion of a rocket. Conservation of energy and momentum, Collisions in two and three dimensions, Concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section, Rutherford scattering-derivation.
  3. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies: Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum, Euler equations and its applications, precession of a top, Gyroscope, precession of the equinoxes.
  4. Mechanics of continuous media: Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their relations, Poisson’s ratio and expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of y, n, k. Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load, shearing force and bending moment, sign conventions.
  5. Central Forces: Central forces, definition and examples, characteristics of central forces, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equatglobal ion of motion under a central force.Derivation of Kepler’s laws.Motion of satellites, idea of Global Positioning System (GPS).
  6. Special Theory of Relativity: alilean relativity, absolute frames.Michelson-Morley experiment, negative result.Postulates of Special Theory of relativity.Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation.Concept of four-vector formalism.
Waves & Oscillation
  1. Simple Harmonic oscillations: Simple harmonic oscillator and solution of the differential equation-Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum-measurements of rigidity modulus, compound pendulum- measurement of ‘g’, Principle of
    superposition,beats, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies. Lissajous figures.
  2. Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with un-damped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance and velocity resonance
  3. Complex Vibrations: Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions-square wave,
    triangular wave, saw tooth wave, simple problems on evolution of Fourier coefficients.
  4. Vibrating strings: Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of wave equation and its significance,
    modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at ends, overtones and harmonics. Energy transport and transverse impedance.
  5. Vibrations of Bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special cases (i) bar fixed at both ends
    (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint (iii) bar fixed at one end. Tuning fork.
    Ultrasonics: Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods, detection of ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves.Applications of ultrasonic waves.
Wave Optics
  1. Aberrations: Introduction – monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration-the achromatic doublet. Achromatism for two lenses ( i )in contact and (ii) separated by a distance.
  2. Interference: Principle of superposition – coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for interference
    of light.Fresnel’s biprism-determination of wavelength of light –change of phase on reflection.Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (cosine law) –colors of thin films-
    Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (Wedge shaped film). Determination of diameter of wire, Newton’s rings in reflected light. Michelson interferometer, Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light using Newton’s rings and Michelson Interferometer.
  3. Diffraction: Introduction,distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction –Diffraction due
    to single slit-Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit-Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating).Resolving power of grating, Determination of wavelength of light in normal incidence and minimum
    deviation methods using diffraction grating,
    Fresnel’s half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-difference between interference and diffraction.
  4. Polarization: Polarized light: methods of polarization polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, scattering of
    light-Brewster’s law-Mauls law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer-Quarter wave plate, Half wave plate-optical activity, determination of specific rotation by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter-Babinet’s compensator – idea of
    elliptical and circular polarization.
  5. Lasers and Holography Lasers: introduction,spontaneous emission, stimulated emission. Population Inversion, Laser principle-Einstein coefficients-Types of lasers-He-Ne laser, Ruby laser- Applications of lasers.Holography: Basic principle of holography-Gabor hologram and its limitations, Applications of holography.
  6. Fiber Optics: Introduction- different types of fibers, rays and modes in an optical fiber, fiber material,principles of fiber
    communication (qualitative treatment only), advantages of fiber optic communication.
Thermodynamics & Radiation Physics
  1. Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction –Deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, experimental verification.
    Transport phenomena – Mean free path – Viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion of gases.
  2. Thermodynamics Introduction- Isothermal and adiabatic process- Reversible and irreversible processes-Carnnot’s engine and its efficiency-Carnot’s theorem-Second law of thermodynamics. Kelvin’s and Claussius statements-Entropy, physical significance –Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes-Entropy and disorder-Entropy of Universe–Temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagram and its uses – Change of entropy of a perfect gas- change of entropy when ice changes into steam.
  3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations
    Thermodynamic potentials-Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clayperon’s equation- Derivation for ratio of specific heats-Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas.Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Van Der Waal’s gas.
    Low Temperature Physics Introduction-Joule Kelvin effect-Porous plug experiment – Joule expansion-Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-Expression for Joule Thomson cooling-Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza’s method-
    Adiabatic demagnetization, Production of low temperatures –applications of substances at low temperature- effects of chloro and fluoro carbons on ozone layer.
  4. Quantum theory of radiation Blackbody-Ferry’s black body-distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body-Wein’s displacement law,Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law-Quantum theory of radiation-Planck’s law-Measurement of radiation-Types
    of pyrometers-Disappearing filament optical pyrometer-experimental determination – Angstrompyrheliometer-determination of solar constant, Temperature of Sun.
Low Electricity, Magnetism & Electronics
  1. Electric field intensity and potential:
    Gauss’s law statement and its proof- Electric field intensity due to (1) Uniformly charged sphere and (2) an infinite conducting sheet of charge. Electrical potential – equipotential surfaces- potential due to i) a point charge, ii)charged spherical shell and uniformly charged sphere.
  2. Dielectrics: Electric dipolemoment and molecular polarizability- Electric displacement D, electric polarization P – relation
    between D, E and P- Dielectric constant and susceptibility. Boundary conditions at the dielectric surface.
  3. Electric and Magnetic Fields: Biot-Savart’s law, explanation and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and solenoid – Lorentz force – Hall effect – determination of Hall coefficient and applications.
  4. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law-Lenz’s law- Self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid, energy stored in magnetic field.Transformer – energy losses – efficiency.
  5. Alternating currents and electromagnetic waves: Alternating current – Relation between current and voltage in LR and CR circuits,vector diagrams, LCR series
    and parallel resonant circuit, Q –factor, power in ac circuits.
  6. Maxwell’s equations: Idea of displacement current – Maxwell’s equations (integral and differential forms) (no derivation), Maxwell’s
    wave equation (with derivation), Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.Poynting theorem (statement and proof), production of electromagnetic waves (Hertz experiment).
  7. Basic electronics: PN 20ehavior diode, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, I-V characteristics, PNP and NPN transistors, CB, CE and CC
    configurations – Relation betweenα, β and γ - transistor (CE) characteristics –Determination of hybrid parameters, Transistor as an amplifier.
  8. Digital electronics: Number systems – Conversion of binary to decimal system and vice versa.Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement methods).Laws of Boolean algebra – De Morgan’s laws-statement and proof, Basic logic
    gates, NAND and NOR as universal gates, exclusive-OR gate, Half adder and Full adder, Parallel adder circuits.
Modern Physics
  1. Atomic and molecular physics: Introduction –Drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model- Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits-relativistic correction (no derivation).Vector atom model and Stern-Gerlach experiment – quantum numbers associated with it. L-S and j-
    j coupling schemes. Zeeman effect and its experimental arrangement.
    Raman effect, hypothesis, Stokes and Anti Stokes lines. Quantum theory of Raman effect. Experimental arrangement – Applications of Raman effect.
  2. Matter waves & Uncertainty Principle: Matter waves, de Broglie’s hypothesis – wavelength of matter waves, Properties of matter waves – Davisson and Germer experiment – Phase and group velocities. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum (x and p), & energy and time (E and t). Experimental verification - Complementarity principle of Bohr
  3. Quantum (wave) mechanics: Basic postulates of quantum mechanics-Schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations-derivations. Physical interpretation of wave function. Eigen functions, Eigen values. Application of Schrodinger
    wave equation to particle in one dimensional infinite box.
  4. General Properties of Nuclei: Basic ideas of nucleus –size, mass, charge density (matter energy), binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment, electric moments. Liquid drop model and Shell model (qualitative aspects only) – Magic
    numbers.
  5. Radioactivity Decay: Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes. Theory of α-decay, Gamow’s theory, Geiger Nuttal law.β-decay,
    Energy kinematics for β-decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis.
  6. Crystal Structure: Amorphous and crystalline materials, unit cell, Miller indices, reciprocal lattice, types of lattices, diffraction of X-
    rays by crystals, Bragg’s law, experimental techniques, Laue’s method and powder diffraction method.
  7. Superconductivity: Introduction – experimental facts, critical temperature – critical field – Meissner effect – Isotope effect – Type I and type II superconductors – BCS theory (elementary ideas only) – applications of superconductors.

AUCET PG 2025 Chemical Science Syllabus

The unit-wise topics included in the Chemical Science paper of AUCET PG examination are as follows:

Type Units Syllabus
Inorganic Chemistry p-Block Elements –I Group-13: Synthesis and structure of diborane and higher boranes (B4H10 and B5H9), boron-nitrogen compounds (B3N3H6 and BN) Group - 14: Preparation and applications of silanes and silicones. Group 15: Preparation and reactions of hydrazine, and hydroxylamine.
p-Block Elements -II Group - 16: Classifications of oxides based on (i) Chemical behavior and (ii) Oxygen content. Group-17: Interhalogen compounds and pseudo halogens.
Organometallic Chemistry Definition - classification of Organometallic compounds - nomenclature, preparation, properties and applications of alkyls of Li and Mg
Chemistry of d-Block Elements Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valence, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes. Stability of various oxidation states
Theories of Bonding in Metals Metallic properties and its limitations, Valence bond theory, Free electron theory, Explanation of thermal and electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, Band theory, formation of bands, explanation of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators
Metal Carbonyls EAN rule, classification of metal carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni
Chemistry of f-Block Elements Chemistry of lanthanides - electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction, consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties. Chemistry of actinides - electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide contraction, comparison of lanthanides and actinides
Coordination Chemistry IUPAC nomenclature - bonding theories - Review of Werner's theory and Sidgwick's concept of coordination - Valence bond theory - geometries of coordination numbers 4-tetrahedral and square planar and 6-octahedral and its limitations, crystal filed theory - splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes - low spin and high spin complexes - factors affecting crystal-field splitting energy, merits and demerits of crystal-field theory. Isomerism in coordination compounds - structural isomerism and stereoisomerism, the stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers
Spectral and Magnetic Properties of Metal Complexes Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magnetic moments, experimental determination of magnetic susceptibility-Gouymethod
Stability of Metal Complexes Thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, chelate effect, determination of composition of complex by Job's method and mole ratio method
Reactivity of Metal Complexes Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions - SN 1 and SN 2 ,substitution reactions of square planar complexes - Trans effect and applications of trans effect
Bioinorganic Chemistry Essential elements, biological significance of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cl- . Metalloporphyrins – Structure and functions of Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, and Chlorophyll
Quantitative Analysis Importance in various fields of science, steps involved in chemical analysis. Principles of volumetric analysis: Theories of acid-base, redox, complexometric, iodometric and precipitation titrations - choice of indicators for these titrations.Principles of gravimetric analysis: precipitation, coagulation, peptization, coprecipitation, post precipitation, digestion, filtration and washing of precipitate, drying and ignition
Treatment of Analytical Data Types of errors, significant figures and its importance, accuracy - methods of expressing accuracy, error analysis and minimization of errors, precision - methods of expressing precision, standard deviation and separation techniques in chemical analysis
SOLVENT EXTRACTION: Introduction,principle,techniques,factors affecting solvent extraction, Batch extraction, continuous extraction and counter current extraction. Synergism., Application - Determination of Iron (III) ION EXCHANGE :Introduction,action of ion exchange resins,separation of inorganic mixtuers,applications, Solvent extraction: Principle and process, Chromatography: Classification of chromatography methods, principles of differential migration adsorption phenomenon, Nature of adsorbents, solvent systems, Rf values, factors effecting Rf values. Paper Chromatography: Principles, Rf values, experimental procedures, choice of paper and solvent systems, developments of chromatogram - ascending, descending, and radial. Two-dimensional chromatography, applications. Thin layer Chromatography (TLC): Advantages. Principles, and factors affecting Rf values. Experimental procedures. Adsorbents and solvents. Preparation of plates. Development of the chromatogram. Detection of the spots. Applications. Column Chromatography: Principles, experimental procedures, Stationary and mobile Phases, Separation technique. Applications HPLC: Basic principles and applications
Organic Chemistry Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry Types of bond fission and organic reagents (Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and free radical reagents including neutral molecules like H2O,NH3& AlCl3). Bond polarization : Factors influencing the polarization of covalent bonds, electro negativity - inductive effect. Application of inductive effect (a) Basicity of amines (b) Acidity of carboxylic acids (c) Stability of carbonium ions. Resonance or Mesomeric effect, application to (a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids. Hyper conjugation and its application to stability of carbonium ions, Free radicals and alkenes, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes. Types of Organic reactions : Addition - electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Substitution - electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination- Examples
Acyclic Hydrocarbons Alkenes - Preparation of alkenes. Properties: Addition of hydrogen - heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its mechanism. Addition of HX, Markonikov's rule, addition of H2O, HOX, H2SO4 with mechanism and addition of HBr in the presence of peroxide (anti - Markonikov's addition). Dienes - Types of dienes, reactions of conjugated dienes - 1,2 and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1,3 - butadiene and Diel's - Alder reaction. Alkynes - Preparation by dehydrohalogenation of dihalides, dehalogenation of tetrahalides, Properties; Acidity of acetylenic hydrogen (formation of Metal acetylides). Preparation of higher acetylenes, Metal ammonia reductions, and Physical properties. Chemical reactivity - electrophilic addition of X2, HX, H2O (Tautomerism), Oxidation with KMnO4, OsO4, reduction and Polymerisation reaction of acetylene
Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes) Nomenclature, Preparation by Freunds method, Wislicenus method. Properties - reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, Stability of cycloalkanes - Baeyer's strain theory, Sachse and Mohr predictions and Pitzer's strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane
Benzene and its Reactivity Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion of Benzene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of Benzene. Concept of aromaticity - aromaticity (definition), Huckel's rule - application to Benzenoid (Benzene, Naphthalene) and Non - Benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl anion and tropylium cation) Reactions - General mechanism of electrophilic substitution, mechanism of nitration, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution - Definition of ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with examples (Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic). Orientation of (i) Amino, methoxy and methyl groups (ii) Carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and sulphonic acid groups (iii) Halogens (Explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type)
Halogen Compounds Nomenclature and classification of alkyl (into primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, aryl alkyl, allyl, vinyl, and benzyl halides. Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction- classification intoSN1 andSN2 – reaction mechanism with examples – Ethyl chloride, t-butyl chloride, and optically active alkyl halide 2-bromobutane
Hydroxy Compounds Nomenclature and classification of hydroxy compounds. Alcohols: Preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard synthesis of alcohols. Phenols: Preparation i) from diazonium salt, ii) from aryl sulphonates, iii) from cumene. Physical properties- Hydrogen bonding (intermolecular and intramolecular). Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling point and solubility in water. Identification of alcohols by oxidation with KMnO4, Ceric ammonium nitrate, Luca’s reagent and phenols by reaction with FeCl3. Chemical properties: a) Dehydration of alcohols. b) Oxidation of alcohols by CrO3, KMnO4. c) Special reaction of phenols: Bromination, Kolbe-Schmidt reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, azocoupling, Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.
Carbonyl Compounds Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3-dithianes, synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties: Reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reaction with a) NaHSO3, b) HCN, c) RMgX, d) NH2OH, e)PhNHNH2, f) 2,4 DNPH, g) Alcoholsformation of hemiacetal and acetal. Base catalysed reactions: a) Aldol, b) Cannizzaro’s reaction, c) Perkin reaction, d) Benzoin condensation, e) Haloform reaction, f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes- Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones.Reduction: Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, MPV reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4. Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with a) 2,4-DNPH test, b) Tollen's test, c) Fehling test, d) Schiff’s test e) Haloform test (with equation)
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Nomenclature, classification and structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation by a) Hydrolysis of nitriles, amides b) Hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases with mechanism c) Carbonation of Grignard reagents. Special methods of preparation of aromatic acids by a) Oxidation of side chain. b) Hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. c) Kolbe reaction. Physical properties: Hydrogen bonding, dimeric association, acidity- strength of acids with examples of trimethyl acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Relative differences in the acidities of aromatic and aliphatic acids. Chemical properties: Reactions involving H, OH, and COOH groups- salt formation, anhydride formation, acid chloride formation, amide formation, and esterification (mechanism). Degradation of carboxylic acids by HunsDiecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schmidt reaction, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell- VolhardZelinsky reaction
Acetoacetic Ester keto-enol tautomerism, preparation by Claisen condensation, Acid hydrolysis, and ketonic hydrolysis. Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids. b) Dicarboxylic acids. c) Reaction with urea
Malonic Ester preparation from acetic acid. Synthetic applications: Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and n-butyric acid). b) Dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid) c) α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonic acid). d) Reaction with urea
Nitro Hydrocarbons Nomenclature and classification-nitro hydrocarbons, structure -Tautomerism of nitroalkanes leading to aci and keto form, Preparation of Nitroalkanes, reactivity -halogenation, reaction with HONO (Nitrous acid),Nef reaction and Mannich reaction leading to Micheal addition and reduction
Nitrogen Compounds Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): Nomenclature, Classification into 1°, 2°, 3° Amines and Quarternary ammonium compounds. Preparative methods – 1. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides 2. Gabriel synthesis 3. Hoffman's bromamide reaction (mechanism). Reduction of Amides and Schmidt reaction. Physical properties and basic character - Comparative basic strength of Ammonia, methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine and aniline - comparative basic strength of aniline, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline (in aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects. Chemical properties: a) Alkylation b) Acylation c) Carbylamine reaction d) Hinsberg separation e) Reaction with Nitrous acid of 1°, 2°, 3° (Aliphatic and aromatic amines). Electrophillic substitution of Aromatic amines – Bromination and Nitration. Oxidation of aryl and Tertiary amines, Diazotization
Heterocyclic Compounds Introduction and definition: Simple five membered ring compounds with one hetero atom Ex. Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole - Aromatic character – Preparation from 1,4,- dicarbonyl compounds, Paul-Knorr synthesis. Properties : Acidic character of pyrrole - electrophillic substitution at 2 or 5 position, Halogenation, Nitration and Sulphonation under mild conditions - Diels Alder reaction in furan. Pyridine – Structure - Basicity - Aromaticity - Comparison with pyrrole - one method of preparation and properties - Reactivity towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: (+) Glucose (aldo hexose) - Evidence for cyclic structure of glucose (some negative aldehydes tests and mutarotation) - Proof for the ring size (methylation, hydrolysis and oxidation reactions) - Pyranose structure (Haworth formula and chair conformational formula). (-) Fructose (ketohexose) - Evidence of 2 - ketohexose structure (formation of pentaacetate, formation of cyanohydrin its hydrolysis and reduction by HI). Cyclic structure for fructose (Furanose structure and Haworth formula) - osazone formation from glucose and fructose – Definition of anomers with examples. Interconversion of Monosaccharides: Aldopentose to Aldohexose (Arabinose to D- Glucose, D-Mannose) (Kiliani - Fischer method). Epimers, Epimerisation - Lobry de bruyn van Ekenstein rearrangement. Aldohexose to Aldopentose (D-Glucose to D- Arabinose) by Ruff degradation. Aldohexose to Ketohexose and Ketohexose to Aldohexose (Fructose to Glucose)
Amino Acids and Proteins Introduction: Definition of Amino acids, classification of Amino acids into alpha, beta, and gamma amino acids. Natural and essential amino acids - definition and examples, classification of alpha amino acids into acidic, basic and neutral amino acids with examples. Methods of synthesis: General methods of synthesis of alpha amino acids (specific examples - Glycine, Alanine, valine and leucine) by following methods: a) from halogenated carboxylic acid b) Malonic ester synthesis c) Strecker's synthesis. Physical properties: Zwitter ion structure - salt-like character - solubility, melting points, amphoteric character, definition of isoelectric point. Chemical properties: General reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups - lactams from gamma and delta amino acids by heating peptide bond (amide linkage). Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins
Physical Chemistry Solid State Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. The law of rationality of indices. The law of symmetry. Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit cell. Bravis lattices and crystal systems. X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg's law. Defects in crystals. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects
Gaseous State Compression factors, deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Vander Waal's equation of state. P-V Isotherms of real gases, Andrew's isotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of state. Critical phenomena. The Van Der Waal's equation and the critical state. Law of corresponding states. Relationship between critical constants and vander Waal's constants. Joule Thomson effect
Liquid State Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals, the mesomorphic state. Classification of liquid crystals into Smectic and Nematic. Differences between liquid crystal and solid/liquid. Application of liquid crystals as LCD devices
Solutions Liquid-liquid - ideal solutions, Raoult's law. Ideally dilute solutions, Henry's law. Non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure - composition and vapor pressure- temperature curves. Azeotropes-HCl-H2O, ethanol-water systems, and fractional distillation. Partially miscible liquids-phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems. Effect of impurity on consulate temperature. Immiscible liquids and steam distillation. Nernst distribution law. Calculation of the partition coefficient. Applications of distribution law
Surface Chemistry Definition of colloids. Solids in liquids(sols), preparation, purification, properties - kinetic, optical, electrical. Stability of colloids, Hardy-Schulze law, protective colloid.Liquids in liquids (emulsions) preparation, properties, uses. Liquids in solids (gels) preparation, uses. Adsorption, Physical adsorption, chemisorption, Freundlich &langmuir adsorption isotherms.Applications of adsorption
General Features of Spectroscopy Beer-Lambert's law and its limitations, transmittance, Absorbance, and molar absorptivity. Single and double beam spectrophotometers. Application of Beer-Lambert law for quantitative analysis of 1. Chromi

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