Common Law Admission Test Syllabus

The Consortium of National Law Universities (NLUs) released the CLAT Syllabus 2025 on its official website, consortiumofnlus.ac.in. The CLAT UG 2025 syllabus consists of five sections: English Language, Current Affairs, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques. The maximum difficulty level of the syllabus for CLAT 2025 is equivalent to that of Class 12.

On the other hand, the CLAT PG 2025 syllabus includes subjects such as Jurisprudence, Administrative Law, Law of Contract, Torts, Family Law, Criminal Law, Property Law, Company Law, Public International Law, Tax Law, Environmental Law, and Labour & Industrial Law, testing the candidate's aptitude for pursuing post-graduation in law.

If you're preparing for the next CLAT cycle, here’s everything you need to know about the overview of the syllabus, sectional weightage, subject-wise breakdown, important topics, preparation tips, and recommended books.

CLAT 2025 Syllabus Highlights

Here’s an overview of the CLAT 2025 syllabus, including important details about the format, sections, and marking scheme.

CLAT UG 2025 Sectional Weightage

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the sectional weightage for the CLAT UG 2025 exam, highlighting the distribution of marks across different sections to help you understand how each part contributes to the overall score.

CLAT PG 2025 Sectional Weightage

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the sectional weightage for the CLAT PG 2025 exam, highlighting the distribution of marks across different sections to help you understand how each part contributes to the overall score.

CLAT UG 2025 Syllabus

The UG CLAT 2025 is designed to assess candidates' comprehension and reasoning abilities, focusing on aptitude and skills necessary for legal education. The exam comprises 120 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) divided into five sections:

• English Language: This section evaluates reading comprehension and language skills. Candidates will encounter passages of approximately 450 words each, derived from contemporary or historically significant fiction and non-fiction writings. Questions will test the ability to comprehend main points, draw inferences, summarize passages, compare different arguments, and understand the meaning of words and phrases in context.
• Current Affairs, including General Knowledge: This section assesses awareness of contemporary events and general knowledge. Passages of up to 450 words will be provided, sourced from news articles, journalistic writings, and other non-fiction materials. Questions may examine legal information or knowledge discussed in or related to the passage, but no additional legal knowledge beyond the passage is required.
• Legal Reasoning: This section tests the ability to identify and apply legal principles. Candidates will read passages of around 450 words each, relating to fact situations or scenarios involving legal matters, public policy questions, or moral philosophical inquiries. No prior legal knowledge is required; however, general awareness of contemporary legal and moral issues will be beneficial.
• Logical Reasoning: This section evaluates critical thinking and logical analysis skills. It includes short passages of about 450 words each, followed by questions that require recognizing arguments, identifying premises and conclusions, critically analyzing patterns of reasoning, and assessing the effectiveness of arguments.
• Quantitative Techniques: This section assesses mathematical skills and the ability to interpret numerical data. It includes short sets of facts or propositions, or other textual representations of numerical information, followed by questions requiring the application of mathematical operations. Topics include ratios and proportions, basic algebra, mensuration, and statistical estimation.

CLAT PG 2025 Syllabus

The PG CLAT 2025 focuses on assessing candidates' comprehension abilities and knowledge of core legal subjects. The exam consists of 120 objective-type questions, with a negative marking of 0.25 marks for each incorrect answer. The syllabus includes:

• Constitutional Law: This section covers topics such as Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties, Structure of Government, Emergency Provisions, Constitutional Amendments, Judicial Review, and Separation of Powers. Candidates must also be well-versed in important Supreme Court judgments interpreting constitutional provisions.
• Jurisprudence: This section focuses on theories of law, legal positivism, natural law, sociological jurisprudence, legal rights, duties, ownership, possession, and sources of law. Candidates should also understand legal reasoning and concepts like the rule of law and legal personality.
• Administrative Law: This section includes principles of natural justice, delegated legislation, judicial review of administrative actions, writs under the Constitution, and the doctrine of legitimate expectation.
• Law of Contract: This section consists of general principles of contract law, essential elements of a valid contract, breach of contract, remedies, and special contracts like indemnity, guarantee, bailment, pledge, and agency.
• Law of Torts: This section involves general principles of tortious liability, negligence, nuisance, defamation, strict and absolute liability, vicarious liability, and consumer protection laws.
• Family Law: This section covers personal laws under Hindu and Muslim law, marriage, divorce, maintenance, adoption, and inheritance laws.
• Criminal Law: This section includes general principles of criminal liability, major offenses under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), general defenses in criminal law, and procedural aspects under the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), such as arrest, bail, and investigation.
• Property Law: This section consists of the Transfer of Property Act, lease, mortgage, sale of immovable property, the doctrine of lis pendens, and the doctrine of part performance.
• Company Law: This section includes key provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, company incorporation, shareholders' rights, directors' powers, and corporate governance.
• Public International Law: This section focuses on sources of international law, treaties, conventions, international human rights law, law of the sea, air law, and dispute resolution mechanisms in international law.
• Tax Law: This section covers the basic principles of the Income Tax Act, Goods and Services Tax (GST), and taxation of corporations and individuals.
• Environmental Law: This section includes major environmental legislations such as the Environment Protection Act, Wildlife Protection Act, and Forest Conservation Act, along with the principles of sustainable development and public interest litigation (PIL) in environmental cases.
• Labour and Industrial Law: This section covers the Industrial Disputes Act, Factories Act, Workmen’s Compensation Act, and various labour rights and protections.

Resources and Study Materials for CLAT 2025

Preparing for the CLAT 2025 requires a strategic approach and the right study materials tailored to each subject area. Below is a curated list of recommended books and resources for both CLAT UG and CLAT PG aspirants:

CLAT UG 2025: Subject-Wise Recommended Books

English Language

• Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis: Enhances vocabulary and comprehension skills.
• High School English Grammar & Composition by Wren & Martin: Provides comprehensive coverage of grammar rules and improves language proficiency.
• English is Easy by Chetan Anand Singh: Simplifies complex grammar concepts for clear understanding.

Legal Reasoning

• Legal Aptitude and Legal Reasoning by A.P. Bhardwaj: Builds a foundation in legal principles and reasoning abilities.
• The Pearson Guide to the CLAT by Harsh Gagrani: Offers comprehensive coverage of legal concepts relevant to the exam.
• Important Judgments That Transformed India by Alex Andrews George: Provides insights into landmark legal cases to strengthen legal awareness.

General Knowledge and Current Affairs

• Manorama Year Book (Latest Edition): Compiles current affairs, static GK, and important facts across various domains.
• Pratiyogita Darpan (Latest Edition): Features current affairs, science, and analytical content to boost GK.
• Pearson’s Concise GK Manual: Offers a concise overview of essential GK topics.

Logical Reasoning

• A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning by R.S. Aggarwal: Develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through logical puzzles.
• Analytical Reasoning by M.K. Pandey: Enhances analytical thinking with practice questions and solutions.
• Verbal Reasoning by R.S. Aggarwal: Sharpens verbal reasoning abilities through various reasoning techniques.

Quantitative Techniques

• Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations by R.S. Aggarwal: Covers a wide range of quantitative aptitude topics with practice questions.
• Fast Track Objective Arithmetic by Arihant Publications: Provides comprehensive coverage of arithmetic concepts with practice questions.
• 30 Days Wonder for Maths by S. Chand: Offers a systematic approach to mathematical concepts with a variety of practice exercises.

CLAT PG 2025: Subject-Wise Recommended Books

Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence by K. Jain or Salmond: Provides comprehensive coverage of jurisprudence concepts.

Indian Penal Code (IPC)

The Indian Penal Code by Ratanlal & Dhirajlal or PSA Pillai: Offers detailed explanations of IPC sections and case laws.

Contract Law

Law of Contract by Avtar Singh or R.K. Bangia: Covers fundamental principles and case laws related to contract law.

Family and Property Law

Family Law by Poonam Pradhan: Provides insights into family and property law with relevant case studies.

Constitutional Law

Constitutional Law of India by K. Jain (Dukki) Part – I & II: Offers an in-depth analysis of constitutional provisions and interpretations.

Torts

Law of Torts by R.K. Bangia: Explains the principles of tort law with illustrative cases.

Administrative Law

Administrative Law by I.P. Massey: Discusses the concepts and developments in administrative law.

Public International Law

Public International Law by Dr. Ashok K. Jain: Covers the fundamentals and contemporary issues in international law.

Company Law

Company Law by Avtar Singh: Provides a detailed understanding of company law principles and regulations.

The Constitution of India

The Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi: A comprehensive guide to the Indian Constitution with detailed commentary.

Preparation Tips for CLAT 2025

Preparing for CLAT 2025 requires a strategic and disciplined approach to achieve success. Below are detailed preparation tips for both CLAT UG 2025 and CLAT PG 2025:

General Preparation Tips for CLAT 2025

Here are some essential tips to help you build a solid foundation for your CLAT 2025 preparation. From managing time effectively to staying consistent with your studies, these tips will guide you in tackling the exam with confidence and maximizing your chances of success.

Know the Syllabus Thoroughly

• For UG: The CLAT UG syllabus covers English Language, and Current Affairs, including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques.
• For PG: CLAT PG focuses more on Constitutional Law, Jurisprudence, Contract Law, Criminal Law, International Law, Family Law, and Other Law Subjects.

Familiarize yourself with the syllabus and make a study plan according to the weightage of topics. Prioritize sections that need more attention while revising the easier ones regularly.

Time Management: The CLAT is a time-bound test, so developing speed and accuracy is essential. Practice full-length mock tests and time-bound sections to enhance your speed.

Study Plan: Create a daily study schedule. Dedicate a specific time to each section. For example, spend more time on your weaker areas (e.g., Quantitative Techniques for UG or Constitutional Law for PG) and keep revising your strong areas.

Revise and Practice Mock Tests: Regular mock tests are crucial. They will help you understand the exam pattern, the type of questions asked, and your strengths and weaknesses.

Stay Updated with Current Affairs: Current affairs is a key area in both UG and PG. Read newspapers (preferably The Hindu or The Indian Express) and follow online news platforms for international events, legal developments, and important judicial decisions.

Focus on Conceptual Clarity: Especially for the legal sections, focus on understanding the concepts rather than rote memorization. This will help in both CLAT UG and CLAT PG.

CLAT UG 2025 Preparation Tips

Below are key strategies and expert tips for CLAT UG that will help you streamline your study plan, strengthen your areas of expertise, and approach the exam with confidence.

English Language

• Focus on improving your vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension.
• Read novels, editorials, and newspapers regularly.
• Practice sentence correction, fill-in-the-blanks, and error-spotting questions.

Current Affairs

• Study both National and International news.
• Focus on topics like politics, economy, sports, awards, and significant events that impact society.
• Regularly practice questions on current affairs from online sources or prep books.

Legal Reasoning

• This section tests your ability to understand and apply legal principles.
• Practice solving legal reasoning questions. Understand the basic legal concepts like contracts, torts, and constitutional law, but the questions will not require deep legal knowledge.
• Solve sample questions to improve interpretation skills.

Logical Reasoning

• This is similar to IQ tests. The questions may involve sequences, analogies, logical puzzles, and pattern recognition.
• Focus on improving your analytical thinking.
• Practice a lot of logic-based puzzles and problems related to syllogisms, blood relations, directions, and series.

Quantitative Techniques

• This section tests your ability to solve mathematical problems related to data interpretation, percentages, ratios, time, speed, distance, and algebra.
• Practice simple mathematical problems and focus on time-saving techniques.

Use the Right Resources

• Refer to books like "CLAT: A Complete Guide" by Pearson, "Legal Aptitude for CLAT" by A.P. Bhardwaj, or "Current Affairs Yearbook" by Arihant.
• Join online platforms or coaching institutes that specialize in CLAT prep.

CLAT PG 2025 Preparation Tips

Below are key strategies and expert tips for CLAT PG that will help you streamline your study plan, strengthen your areas of expertise, and approach the exam with confidence.

Constitutional Law

• It is one of the most important topics in CLAT PG. Focus on understanding the Indian Constitution and its key articles, amendments, and judicial interpretations.
• Read NCERT books on political science for a foundation and then move on to more detailed texts like M.P. Jain and Constitutional Law of India by V.N. Shukla.

Jurisprudence

• Jurisprudence is the philosophy of law. You need to understand key theories of law, legal principles, and their practical applications.
• Focus on the works of Austin, Kelsen, Hart, and Rawls.

Contract Law & Criminal Law

• Both of these topics are core areas in CLAT PG. Thoroughly read about the Indian Contract Act and the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
• Make sure you understand case laws and landmark judgments in these areas.

International Law

• This section tests knowledge of treaties, conventions, and the general principles of international law.
• Read up on the UN Charter, Geneva Conventions, and other international treaties. You can refer to books like "International Law" by Malcolm Shaw.

Family Law

• Family law in India involves marriage, divorce, and inheritance laws. Go through the Hindu Marriage Act, Muslim Personal Law, and Special Marriage Act.

Legal Research & Case Studies

• In CLAT PG, you may also be asked questions on legal research and case studies, which will require you to apply your knowledge to specific legal situations.
• Read legal research papers, and judgments, and follow trends in recent judgments by Indian courts.

Use Legal Textbooks and Resources

• Apart from NCERTs, focus on standard law textbooks like "I.L.R. (Indian Law Reports)", "Ratanlal and Dhirajlal’s Law of Torts", and "Mulla’s Hindu Law".
• Follow law journals, blogs, and case law digests to stay up to date.

Final Months Strategy for CLAT 2025

As the exam approaches, it's crucial to fine-tune your preparation. The strategy outlined below focuses on optimizing your revision, strengthening weak areas, and improving time management. By following a targeted approach in the final months, you can boost your confidence and maximize your performance on exam day.

• Take Regular Mock Tests: In the last two months, ensure you are taking weekly mock tests. Analyze your performance after each test and focus on improving weak areas.
• Revision: Dedicate the final month entirely to revising what you’ve studied so far. Avoid learning new topics in the last month as it might lead to confusion.
• Stay Calm and Confident: Stress management is important, especially as the exam approaches. Stick to your preparation plan, maintain a balanced diet, and get enough rest to keep your mind fresh for the exam day.
• Time-bound Practice: Practice sections in a time-bound manner. This will help you adapt to the actual exam conditions, reducing anxiety on exam day.

CLAT 2025 Syllabus FAQs